Robbing is a feature available only to outlaws. At any rank of chunin/lower outlaw and above, you may be robbed.
The only robbing jutsu is Deceptive Compulsion (Syndicate's Tier jutsu, Genjutsu), which has the 'rob target, percentage based' tag. In battle, this jutsu deals damage and has a chance to rob a percentage of the target's pocket ryo. The chance increases with the jutsu's level.
Deceptive Compulsion temporarily does not deal damage.